Which maternal factor is listed as a risk factor for cleft lip/palate?

• A. Diabetes
• B. Regular exercise during pregnancy
• C. Adequate folate intake
• D. Normal blood pressure

Answer: (D)

Maternal health during the early weeks of gestation can influence how the facial structures form. Diabetes in the mother is a known risk factor for cleft lip and/or palate because elevated glucose levels can disrupt normal cellular growth and the precise tissue movements needed for the lips and palate to fuse properly during development. This metabolic disturbance increases the chance of these cleft defects appearing.

In contrast, regular exercise during pregnancy is generally encouraged and does not contribute to cleft formation. Adequate folate intake is protective against several birth defects and helps support proper neural and facial development, so it is not a risk factor. Normal blood pressure by itself is not listed as a risk factor for cleft lip/palate.